Family and Its Role in the Cultivation and Preservation of Traditional Folk Music at Junior Primary School Age

: The cultivation of folk tradition begins in the family, and continues in a systematic and organized way in school as a certainly important task in the education and upbringing of children of junior primary school age. Factors contributing to the realization of this task include: a) school; b) family, and c) other out-of-school factors. Starting from the fact that the cooperation between one’s family and school should be based on partnership, and that learning about traditional folk music requires coordinated action, authors organized a survey aimed at: 1) examining the extent to which the cultivation of musical tradition within the family is reflected on the learning and adoption of related content in music education classes at junior primary school age; 2) determining the extent to which traditional folk music is cultivated in the family by listening to and playing such music; 3) examining the role of family in the process of introducing students to traditional folk music at junior primary school age with regard to other in-school and out-of-school factors. The authors have concluded, teachers believe that cultivating traditional folk music in one’s family is reflected in the form of recognition and improved student motivation for learning content, related to traditional folk music. Students believe that the activity of listening to folk music within family is an insufficiently utilized resource. The survey results confirm the hypothesis that the role of family should be significantly encouraged in relation to other out-of school factors.


Introduction
The learning and development of each individual begins within the family. Parents are the first educators and teachers of their children, therefore children acquire their first knowledge, skills and habits in the family. Preschool institutions and school join in the process later, but the influence of one's family never disappears.
Modern family "is a product of historical trends in which elements of the traditional and the modern are intertwined" (Zuković, 2012a, 16). It functions even in turbulent times that generate uncertainty. As the society has changed, so has family, however, the way it operates, family relations and family values have remained permanent and unchangeable. Regardless of its faults, family environment is perceived as a place where one will always find security, support and protection. The current social context and the generally accepted value system define the quality of family life in the broadest sense, and thus impact family functioning (Zuković, 2012a).
It should be noted that functional families are cohesive, stable, and their members cooperate frequently and productively. Such families are capable of facing and overcoming problems in a constructive to an important role of family -transmission and building of values that arise from our musical tradition. Through musical tradition, a child is introduced to the culture and history of his/her people, but also to the "history of mankind, because characters and events portrayed in traditional music also possess an element of universality, i.e. timelessness" (Pavlović and Cicović Sarajlić, 2013, 276). Given the fact that "children's folklore has witnessed childhood through countless ages and the spiritual maturation of mankind" (Ljubinković, 1976, 57), the role of family is that of an intermediary of sorts between individuals and the values characteristic of a certain society, then and now. Based on the knowledge that parents possess a complete value system, they will serve as a model for identification which translates its beliefs into "systems of norms and customs, expressing them in an understandable language and linking them to specific child's behavior" (Manić, 2016, 5).
With the birth of a child, the first contact and the first perception of music in one's native language occurs within the family, including: spontaneous singings (lullabies, jingles, nonsense verse, counting rhymes, amusements, etc.), listening to and playing music on different media, and body movement (clapping, tapping, rocking, swaying, rattling, etc.), all of which stimulates and develops children's sense of melody and rhythmic pulse, as well as tempo (Nikšić, 2016, 18).
Research in the field of musicolinguistics suggests that the musical experience of children acquired primarily within the family prior to starting school, and "authentically preserved" in our long-term memory" has invaluable importance in the learning of new music content (Levitin, 2011, 184).

Family environment and Traditional Folk Music
These first musical experiences a child acquires and develops within the family contribute to the development of a generally positive attitude toward music and playing instruments, which greatly and directly impacts "the formation of one's musical taste and preferences" (Radoš, 2010, 124).
Children's attitude toward music greatly depends on their family, and the things it offers as a family model of behavior. If a family nurtures a positive relationship toward traditional folk music, it is likely that a child will also build a personal relationship with this music genre. In contrast, if children are left to their own devices when it comes to the formation of musical taste, it is likely that commercial music, as the most dominant and accessible at the moment, will shape their musical taste to a great extent (Nešić et al, 2006). One of potential solutions is to design and place a certain type of auditory performance containing elements of traditional folk music in every national environment. We can make such content more relatable and more familiar to children by repeating certain patterns based on which they should gain a certain musical experience. By enriching and expanding the children's auditory experience, they will form their musical taste with an inherent affection toward the musical tradition of their people. Of course, in addition to traditional folk music, children should be introduced to other forms of traditional and original music, both from their own, and other countries as well. Nešić reminds us that "accepting the music of other nations and other historical periods, and understanding it (universalization of musical inclinations) doesn't damage or threaten one's affection for their own traditional music, just as learning foreign languages doesn't make one forget their mother tongue" (Nešić, 2003, 232). Čokorilo (2013) points out that family still successfully resists modern challenges thanks to traditional patterns, and represents one's intimate and very significant emotional community which helps preserve traditional values. It is, therefore, important that family should lay strong foundations for the preservation of tradition, language, origin and culture of one's nation in contrast to other nations, which could help develop sensitivity toward musical values and familiarize people not just with their own musical tradition, but the tradition of other nations as well. Thus, family may help communities which have undergone significant cultural changes in the global age to strengthen their national values and preserve their tradition (Deletić, 2013).
On the other hand, it is a fact that family is nowadays faced with serious challenges, media influence, globalization, social changes, and that the pressure of these changes has left family exposed to various influences and threats, fighting to preserve its identity and reconcile modernity and tradition (Zuković, 2009). Every individual is increasingly influenced by the media, and the environment that insists on commercial content and neglects traditional folk music. Learning about one's musical tradition primarily depends on the experience children acquire in their family, but also on the parents' relationship toward it, which is why it is important, as stated by Grandić (2007), to rely on the principles of coordinated action between all educational factors. Thus, by simultaneous action of teachers and the family toward children, and by introducing them to a wide range of domestic and foreign, original and traditional compositions, we will ensure further development of their musical taste, and shape their cultural identity (Vidulin and Ćalić, М., & Đurđanović, М. (2020). Family and its role in the cultivation and preservation of traditional folk music at junior primary school age, International Journal of Cognitive Research in Science, Engineering and Education (IJCRSEE) Martinović, 2015). Ethnomusicologists remind us that "children's songs (lullabies, jingles and nonsense verse) are slowly disappearing" (Fracile, 1987, 68), and the reason for this lies in the fact that parents no longer sing songs to their children, but play music on different media. In addition, seeing the media as a very influential factor, ethnomusicologist Dević explains that in the age of "very aggressive media domination over our traditional folk music, we have no other alternative but, just as we speak in our native language, to continue to sing our songs, passing on our musical and poetic heritage orally to our sons and daughters" (Dević, 2001, 14). The role of family is to build a positive attitude toward traditional music from an early age, counterbalancing other circumstances and content present in the media. In this regard, Zuković (2012a) believes that "a healthy and functional family is one that can grow and develop despite the challenges and obstacles it encounters. It always strives to expand its experience, and solves problems through family rules and values. Its strengths include love, positive emotion, support, tolerance and compromise" (Zuković, 2012a, 74).
From the aspect of ethnomusicology, folk art has always had a pronounced social function in the historical and cultural development of Serbian people, and a special place in the development of family. It is a well-known fact when certain songs are to be sung, why they are to be sung, how certain folk dances are to be performed, with what intention and purpose. It is no coincidence that in the past, traditional folk singing was the most common form of musical performance in this part of the world, just as ethnomusicologist Golemović reminds us -"there was no person living in rural areas who wouldn't sing, whether the occasion was everyday or ceremonious" (Golemović, 1998, 7).
In order to develop moral education, singing and listening to traditional folk songs were used to nurture patriotism and identification with one's nation. The content of traditional folk song reflects moral feelings, including honor, pride, dignity, responsibility, awareness of the necessity of work, respect for truth, and respect of other nations and cultures (Pavlović, 2013). Family is the main drive and initiator responsible for the moral behavior and actions of children both in the closest and a broader environment. In addition to listening to and performing traditional music, attending concerts and other performances and events of domestic and foreign artists that cultivate the spirit of musical tradition significantly enriches musical experience of young generations (Ćalić and Đurđanović, 2016). Moreover, school as the main representative of formal education since the beginnings of civilized society should provide support for the family, and utilize its mechanisms and instruments so as to realize the aspiration to preserve traditional folk music (Kostović, 2005).
There are many ways in which family can help to familiarize children with their musical tradition. Some of them include: -establishing a partnership between family and school, and exchanging experiences referring to musical tradition; -cultivating the habit of listening to traditional music within the family; -cultivating traditional music during religious holidays and family celebrations (Christmas, Easter, family patron saint -slava, etc.); -encouraging children to attend elective curricular and extracurricular activities that honor and celebrate traditional values; -including children into recreational activities (folk ensembles, ethno workshops, etc.) that cultivate traditional music; -attending concerts of traditional music and similar events; -visiting ethnographic museums, libraries (heritage departments), ethno villages and other institutions that aim to preserve national cultural heritage.
The key role of family involves building elements of folk tradition that will be later upgraded and adopted through different subject areas in school.
The cooperation between school and family helps to familiarize children with the musical tradition of their country, and thus with the criteria for identifying authentic folk music and art in general (Ivanović, 2007).
Moreover, the Rulebook on the Curricula (Teaching and Learning Plan) proposes that parents should be involved in the implementation of the content related to folk tradition, because the general opinion is we have little space left "to develop sensitivity toward musical values by learning about folk tradition of our own, and other people's" (Curriculum for the First Cycle of Primary Education, 2006, 90). Among other things, the Strategy for Educational Development in Serbia 2020 specifies that "the cooperation between school and family is not based on partnership", and that in order to overcome this outdated concept, "schools should apply the concept of partnership between school and parents/guardians" (Ibid, 2006, 90). The coordination between school and family will achieve a broader synergistic relationship, which means Ćalić, М., & Đurđanović, М. (2020). Family and its role in the cultivation and preservation of traditional folk music at junior primary school age, International Journal of Cognitive Research in Science, Engineering and Education (IJCRSEE),8(3), 103-112.
www.ijcrsee.com 106 that school and family together can achieve much more than by acting on their own (Zuković, 2012b). The new concept based on partnership between school and family provides the opportunity to design learning and purposefully organize part of students' free time thanks to an early discovery of different interests and abilities of students. Such an approach can reinforce the cultivation of local musical tradition.
Many analysts (Amato, 2001;Berk, 2005;Kieman, 2003;Nelson, 1993) point out that modern family is undergoing a crisis, which often results in increased divorce and separation rates, and such events put pressure on children, exposing them to constant stress and forcing them to adapt to new circumstances in order to overcome the crisis (As cited in: Vulfolk et al. 2014, 174-175). All socio-economic problems are inevitably reflected on family, which causes the value system to collapse, or rather to become vague and undefined, confusing parents and complicating their educational efforts. The cause of this situation lies in "everyday stress and uncertainty arising from socio-economic circumstances in which society has been caught at the turn of the century" (Nikolić, 2012, 22). If we view a child as a social being who "constantly interacts with his environment, and actively participates in the construction of his knowledge -discovering new meanings, developing new mental structures and accepting the values of the culture he/she is a part of" (Zuković, 2012a, 149), then it is crucial to provide support to children at all institutional levels.
Therefore, it is important to point out the outlook (DeFrain, 1999, as cited in: Zuković, 2012a) according to which the strategy for strengthening modern family should exist and should be carried out by different partakers in social life: teachers (...), politicians (...), media, counselors, social workers and volunteers, as well as by every family member who seeks ways and opportunities to create healthy family relations imbued primarily with love (Zuković, 2012a). A family thus empowered and working in partnership with school provides far better opportunities for the cultivation of traditional folk music, and consequently raises awareness of the importance of musical tradition in the life of every individual.
The aim of this paper is to draw attention to the importance and role of family in the cultivation, and thus in the preservation of traditional folk music, because learning about this topic "begins in the family, and continues in an organized, systematic, planned and continuous way in school" (Ćalić, 2011, 253). The role of school is to establish good cooperation and partnership with parents/guardians, and to further encourage the nurturing of musical tradition in the family.
Pedagogical research (Nikolić, 2012) indicates that it is necessary to cultivate the pedagogical culture of parents so as to raise their awareness of the responsibility and importance of good upbringing. School and family are in constant interaction and exchange with the environment as complex, living systems which intersect and intertwine through their relationship with the child (Zuković, 2012a). It should be noted that there are numerous studies (Epstein and Sanders, 2002;Milošević, 2002) which analyze the mutual relationship between family and the school system, dealing primarily with the influence of family situation on the child's behavior and their academic achievement. For this reason, we wanted to examine the role of family in the cultivation of musical tradition at junior primary school age. We tried to obtain teachers' opinions on whether family encourages learning about traditional folk music, and if such encouragements are reflected on the realization of formal music education. We also wanted to learn if traditional music is played in the family (in contrast with classical, pop and commercial music). And finally, we wanted to examine the contribution of students' families in music education, i.e. teachers' efforts toward the delivery of content related to traditional folk music in junior grades of primary school with regard to other out-of-school factors.

Materials and Methods
Research aim. The aim of this survey was to estimate whether family motivates students to learn more about traditional music in music classes at junior primary school age, and the extent to which musical tradition is cultivated in the family by means of listening to traditional folk music, and finally, to determine the influence of family (in relation to other factors) when it comes to the adoption of content related to traditional music.
Research instruments. We designed two questionnaires for the purposes of this survey, one for class teachers (classified by years of service), and the other for students of the fourth grade of primary school (classified by gender and academic achievement). Questionnaire for teachers contained questions for the purpose of establishing teachers' opinions on whether family stimulates learning about music folk tradition and how much that encouragement is reflected in the process of conducting music lessons. Questionnaire for students contained questions aiming to examine the attitude of students on how much is tradional music listened to within family and how much family, in comparison to other out of school factors, contributes to learning folk music tradition. Questionnaires were created by the authors of this work. The Ćalić, М., & Đurđanović, М. (2020). Family and its role in the cultivation and preservation of traditional folk music at junior primary school age, International Journal of Cognitive Research in Science, Engineering and Education (IJCRSEE),8(3),[103][104][105][106][107][108][109][110][111][112] www.ijcrsee.com 107 research was anonymous, both for teachers and students. The value of Cronbah Alpha coefficient, for teachers' questionnaire (0,0897) and for students' questionnaire (0,0898), indicates a good reliability of both instruments and justifies their acceptability.
Research sample and techniques. The survey was carried out on a sample of 597 respondents, i.e. students of the fourth grade of primary schools in Užice and Kralјevo, as well as 196 teachers (random selection) who work in primary schools in Užice and Kraljevo. Independent variables for the student sample included student gender and academic achievement, whereas the independent variable for the teacher sample involved professional experience (less than 10 years, 10-20, 20-30, over 30 years).
The research was based on a descriptive research method, and the data were collected using a survey technique.
Statistical data processing was based on the IBM SPSS 20 software package, statistical description and inference. We used a chi-square test to determine the statistical significance in students' opinions.

Family as an Empowerment Resource Helping School in Its Effort to Improve Student Knowledge of Traditional Folk Music
The research was aimed at identifying and analyzing the influence of family as perceived by teachers on the existence and sensitivity of children of junior primary school age to traditional music. We were primarily interested in the teachers' observations of the extent to which family encourages learning about traditional music in junior grades of primary school.

Table 1 Assessment of the motivational influence of family on students with regard to adoption of content related to traditional folk music
Results show (Table 1) that the majority of 196 teachers-respondents participating in the research agrees that introducing students to musical tradition within their family improves their motivation for learning similar content in music education classes (137 or 69,90%).

Table 2
Assessment of the motivational influence of family on students aimed at adopting content related to traditional folk music with regard to teachers' professional experience If we analyze respondents' opinions with regard to their professional experience, we can see that the largest number of teachers who positively asses motivation from the family are also the most professionally experienced (over 30 years of service), in other words, they believe that family is a significant motivating factor and a good incentive for learning about musical tradition. Least experienced respondents (less than Ćalić, М., & Đurđanović, М. (2020). Family and its role in the cultivation and preservation of traditional folk music at junior primary school age, International Journal of Cognitive Research in Science, Engineering and Education (IJCRSEE),8(3), 103-112.
We had in mind that the new age and modern technologies reinforce content which, in a way, suppresses and changes the priorities in the assessment of music content in education, and diminishes the role of both family and school. Therefore, we wanted to ask students what kind of music is played within their family environment on different media.
We wanted to learn what kind of music is played, and therefore cultivated in students' families (Table 3).

Table 3
Music preferences in students' families with regard to student gender Most students (51%) listed pop music as the favorite music genre played in their family. 90 students, or 15,08% were undecided, 160 or 26,80% prefer folk music, whereas 41 or 6,87% named art music as the favorite music genre of their family. We observed small differences in the opinions in relation to student gender. A slightly higher percent of boys, 58 or 18,07% classified themselves as undecided when it comes to a preferred music genre of their family in contrast to 32 or 11,59% girls who share this opinion.
Testing the statistical significance of differences in respondents' opinions with regard to the preferred music genre in their family with a chi-test square, we obtained the following results: = 6,282 for df = 4, which means the difference is not statistically significant.
Family should significantly contribute to the cultivation and adoption of traditional folk music by encouraging children to listen to this music genre. Therefore, we wanted to learn what is the preferred music genre in students' families with regard to student academic achievement (Table 4).

Table 4
Student preferences toward folk music with regard to academic achievement The data in Table 5 show that there are differences in respondents' answers in relation to the independent variable -student academic achievement. When it comes to the preferred music genre within their family, students whose academic achievement was estimated as outstanding responded that it is primarily pop music (201 or 53,03%). 65 or 17,16% of the respondents were undecided. Based on the respondents' preferences, i.e. their attitude toward the music genre preferred in their family, 89 (or 23,48%) opted for folk music, and 24 (or 6,33%) opted for art music. Respondents with very good academic achievement also prefer pop music (92 or 51,69%), whereas 56 or 31,46% of students from the same category opted for folk music, in contrast to students with outstanding academic achievement who settled on undecided when it comes to other music genres played in their family. The smallest percent of respondents chose undecided as their attitude (19 or 10,67%). There is also a difference in the category of respondents with satisfactory academic achievement in relation to other categories of respondents, because their preferred music genre is folk music (15 or 41,67%), which is not the case in the outstanding and very good achievement category.
Testing the statistical significance of differences in respondents' opinions about the preferred music genre of their family with regard to student academic achievement as the independent variable with a chisquare test, we obtained the following results: = 25,799 with df = 9 degrees of freedom, which means the difference is not statistically significant.
Results of the analysis confirm that traditional folk music (TFM) is insufficiently present in respondents' families.

The Role of Family in the Adoption of Traditional Music in School
Research shows that students recognize family as "an institution that preserves traditional values", and which is also an indisputably important factor in the cultivation and preservation of traditional music, as well as in familiarizing children with it (Ćalić and Grkić, 2013, 301). Starting from the fact that the cooperation between family and school plays a significant role in introducing one to the musical identity of their country, and thus helps them adopt criteria for recognizing authentic folk music, the second research task was aimed at determining the role of family with regard to other factors that contribute to the adoption of traditional folk music in school (Table 5).

Table 5
Teachers opinions' on the role of family in adoption and cultivation of traditional folk music with regard to their professional qualifications Looking at Table 5, we can see that teachers believe peers (47,96%) are the most influential factor contributing to the adoption and cultivation of traditional music. The second most influential factor in the adoption of traditional music is school (56 or 28,57% respondents), whereas 33 (or 16,84%) believe family is the decisive factor when it comes to the adoption and cultivation of traditional music. Respondents do not recognize the media as a factor of importance for the cultivation of traditional music. Survey results show that respondents' opinions only slightly differ with regard to their professional qualifications, which was additionally confirmed with a chi-square test. In other words, differences in opinions are not statistically significant, because =0,723 with df=3.
We also wanted to examine if there are any differences in answers to the question -what is the role of other factors, beside family, in the adoption of traditional music in school -in relation to teachers' professional experience (Table 6).

Table 6
Role of family among other factors in the adoption and cultivation of traditional music with regard to teachers' professional experience Looking at Table 6, we can see that family is gaining in importance as a factor relevant for the cultivation and adoption of traditional folk music as the teacher's professional experience increases. Teachers with most extensive professional experience (over 30 years) share the opinion that family, school and peers play an equally important role when it comes to the adoption and cultivation of traditional folk music. Respondents with less experience (under 30 years of service) believe peers are the decisive factor (around 50%) in the adoption of this content. This group of respondents does not recognize the media as a factor of importance in the cultivation of traditional music.
By calculating the statistical significance of differences in teachers' opinions on the role of family and other factors in the adoption and cultivation of traditional folk music with regard to their professional experience, we can conclude that the difference is not statistically significant, given that the chi-square test showed =9,187 with df=9.

Discussion and Conclusion
Results of the survey have confirmed that family is an insufficiently utilized resource which can significantly enrich music education in terms of content, as well as other subjects that include similar content, and help in the development of a generally positive attitude of students toward traditional music, and which directly shapes their musical taste and preferences for this music genre.
When it comes to teachers who participated in the survey (69,90%) believe that traditional music is sufficiently present in the family. However, it is very significant that 30,00% of the teachers-respondents believe that traditional values are cultivated insufficiently (23,47% ), or not at all (6,63%) within the family.
Students responded that the most popular music genre in their family environment is pop music (51,26%), followed by folk music (26,80%), and we also identified a statistically significant difference between students' opinions about the preferred music genre of their family with regard to their academic achievement.
Factors that favorably influence teachers' work on familiarizing their students with traditional music include peers (47,96% respondents), school (28,57%), and family (16,18%). Teachers with less professional experience do not perceive, and consequently, do not involve parents/guardians into the adoption of content related to traditional folk music, whereas teachers with over 30 years of service think that family is an equally important factor as school and peers (mostly members of folk ensembles where they learn traditional dances and songs), and together they greatly improve the realization of content related to traditional music in music education at junior primary school age.
School has a significant role in the cultivation and preservation of traditional music and culture, because it introduces students to this content in an organized and systematic manner. Music education classes provide plenty of topics referring to folk tradition, and as such, provide a good basis for getting to know it. However, we should not ignore the fact that the role of the teacher in the systematic and gradual introduction of traditional music of one's own and other countries into students' lives, is crucial. Teachers should strive to utilize this content in the best possible way, to motivate and engage students, to make the content relatable, to encourage students to join extracurricular activities, and to motivate parents as well, thus increasing the role of family in the cultivation and preservation of traditional music in school.