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Belousova A., Gorshkova S., & Tushnova Y. (2024). Basic needs satisfaction and conscious motives for sports activities of
juniors, International Journal of Cognitive Research in Science, Engineering and Education (IJCRSEE), 12(1), 201-207.
Original scientific paper
Received: March 26, 2024.
Revised: April 15, 2024.
Accepted: April 18, 2024.
UDC:
796.077.5:159.947.5(470)
10.23947/2334-8496-2024-12-1-201-207
© 2024 by the authors. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the
Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
*
Corresponding author: belousovaak@gmail.com
Alla Belousova
1*
, Svetlana Gorshkova
2
, Yulya Tushnova
1
Basic Needs Satisfaction and Conscious Motives for Sports
Activities of Juniors
1
Faculty “Psychology, Pedagogy and Defectology”, Department of educational psychology and organizational
psychology, Don State Technical University, Rostov-on-Don, Russian Federation,
e-mail: belousovaak@gmail.com; trubulya@yandex.ru
2
Rostov Regional School (College) of the Olympic Reserve, Rostov-on-Don, Russian Federation,
e-mail: lanka876@mail.ru
Abstract: Athletic motivation is actively studied in the sports psychology. The study of the juniors’ motivation is crucial
for exploring the reasons to quit the sport, the fac-tors that reduce an athlete’s productivity, the principles of building support
pro-grams for young athletes. The purpose of the study was to study the basic needs satisfaction and the hierarchy of young
athlete conscious motives. The study involved juniors, in the amount of 133 people aged 13-16 years (M=15.1; SD=1.6; 59.4%
men). The following methods were used: the essay “Why I came into sports”, “Method of paired comparisons” by V.V. Skvortsov
(modified by I.A. Akindinova), as well as statistical methods (descriptive statistics, W - Kendall, Chi-squared test, Kruskal-
Wallis H - test). Personal, professional and status conscious motives were found out to form a complex motivation for sports
activities. Conscious motives for sports activities differ among juniors in various sports. The least satisfied needs are those for
acceptance needs and self-expression. The type of sport does not determine the satisfaction of the junior needs. The prospect
of the study is to create a model of motivation for a young athlete. The results can be used in the activities of sports institutions.
Keywords: need, motivation, motive, conscious motives, sport, junior.
Introduction
The motivational sphere occupies a special place in sports psychology. The term motivation in
sports can also be defined in a broad and narrow sense. In a broad sense, it means factors and processes
that encourage people to act or non-act in various situations. In a narrower sense, the motives study
involves a detailed analysis of the reasons that explain why people prefer one type of activity to another
(Dautov, 2020; Kozhukhar et.al., 2020; Uvarova et.al., 2016). Leidl D. (2009) described the traditional and
modern motivational constructs of sports trainers.
Djurovic D. et.al. (2020) they point out that motivation is the most important psychological factor for
achieving success in sports. The authors conducted a systematic analysis of motivational theories and
identified the most significant ones from the point of view of sports psychology (Djurovic D. et.al ., 2020):
theory of goal achievement, theory of attribution, theory of self-efficacy, theory of self-determination, theory
of the value of the expected result. In this article, we will not stop at a detailed description of motivational
theories, but will move on to research on the motivation of young athletes.
Motivation in sports activities is considered as an adaptation factor. At the same time, motivation
is distinguished between personality and activity. Gaudreau P. and Braaten A. (2016) investigating the
relationship between sports results and goals of the approach to mastery and the approach to performance,
showed the relationship of these goals with the goal intended achievement. Beckman J. (2020) describes
the place of the classical theory of achievement motivation in sports psychology.
Matej T. (2007) and co-authors describe a social-cognitive perspective in the motivation model of
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Belousova A., Gorshkova S., & Tushnova Y. (2024). Basic needs satisfaction and conscious motives for sports activities of
juniors, International Journal of Cognitive Research in Science, Engineering and Education (IJCRSEE), 12(1), 201-207.
young athletes. Monacis L. and co-authors (2014) presented a trajectory model of an athlete’s development
using self-determined motivation as a mediating variable and sports orientation as remote determinants.
There are many classifications of sports activity motivation (Guedes, Netto, 2013). Researchers
name different motives, for example, physiological, personal and social motives, training and competitive
motives, direct and indirect motives, all classifications include the division into internal and external
motivation of sports activity. Athletes’ achievement motivation is of great importance (Beckmann, 2020;
Ong, 2019). In the process of playing sports, an athlete has a shift in the activity motives.
Therefore, it is legitimate to ask about the peculiarities of the athlete motivation oat the stages of
their sports career. Conditionally, it is possible to distinguish the stages of a professional sports career. At
the stage of specialized basic training, work will be carried out to form a sustainable interest of the future
athlete in professional sports. At the stage of maximum realization of one’s capabilities, achievement
motivation will play the most significant part, directly aimed at achieving a sports result. At the stage of
maintaining achievements, achievement motivation will also be relevant, but its emphasis will be shifted
towards the development and improvement of the athlete’s skill level. The most relevant motivation
becomes at the specialization stage as there arises a strong interest not only to going in for sport but also
to its specific type, cognitive interest in technique and tactics in this sport, the desire for achievements in
this type (Dyatlova, 2013). Mizuno M. and the co-authors point out that career intervention for professional
athletes should be performed before the turning point of the career (transition to a career), and it is also
important to monitor the processes when professional athletes independently open their careers (Mizuno
et.al., 2012). Martynova V.A. et.al. (2022) write that the problem of motivation in sports activities is far
from being resolved, and it is necessary to study motivation at specific stages of preparation. Schmid M.J.
et.al. (2021) indicated that in order to provide psychological assistance to a young athlete, it is necessary
to study the dynamics within the motivational subsystem and its predictive value. This fact determines the
problem of our research, what conscious motives and basic needs young athletes have before the turning
point of their careers (given by Mizuno M., 2012), whether the chosen sport determines the motivation of
a young athlete, what conscious motives and basic needs modern young athletes have. The study of the
above-mentioned tasks will expand the possibilities of psychological support for modern young athletes.
The relevance of the study of the junior motivation is determined by the need to understand the
reasons to quit the sport, the factors that reduce the athlete productivity, the principles of building support
programs for young athletes. These practical tasks determined the vector of our research interest aimed
at studying the conscious motives of young athletes and the basic need satisfaction.
Materials and Methods
The survey sample consisted of students from the Rostov Regional School (College) of the Olympic
Reserve. A total of 133 athletes enrolled in the 1st and 2nd courses took part in the study (M=15.1,
SD=1.6; men 59.4%).
The sample includes athletes from various sports. Sports represented in the sample only by men:
boxing, judo, gymnastics, shooting, football. Types of sports represented in the sample only by women:
handball, rhythmic gymnastics, synchronized swimming, triathlon. Sports represented in the sample by
both men and women: rowing (men 62.86%, woman 37.14%), athletics (men 37.5%, woman 62.5%),
wrestling (men 83.3%, woman 16.7%), swimming (men 77.7%, woman 22.2%), cycling (men 60%,
woman 40%), fencing (men 25%, woman 75%), pentathlon (men 66.6%, woman 33.3%), sailing (men
50%, woman 50%).
In the empirical study, the following methods were used: a survey, the method of paired comparisons,
content analysis, scientific assessment, statistical analysis (descriptive statistics, W - Kendall , Chi-
squared test to compare two empirical distributions, Chi-squared test to compare empirical and theoretical
distributions, Kruskal-Wallis H - test). Computer data processing was carried out using the statistical
package SPSS 20.0 (trial version). The following methodological tools were used in the study: 1) the study
of conscious motives for sports activities - the essay “Why I came into sports”; 2) a study of the basic
needs satisfaction - “Method of paired comparisons” by V.V. Skvortsov (modified by I.A. Akindinova).
In the essay “Why I came into sports,” the respondents were given the following instruction: “Tell
me what motivates you to play sports.” Next, a content analysis procedure was carried out, the category
“motivation (reason) for sports activity” was singled out in the texts, we take this category as the conscious
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Belousova A., Gorshkova S., & Tushnova Y. (2024). Basic needs satisfaction and conscious motives for sports activities of
juniors, International Journal of Cognitive Research in Science, Engineering and Education (IJCRSEE), 12(1), 201-207.
motivation of athletes. The resulting array of semantic units of content analysis (n = 376) underwent
an expert evaluation procedure. 2 experts were involved. The task for the experts was to evaluate the
semantic units of content analysis by status, professional and personal motives groups. The assessment
was carried out on the Likert scale. Further, the expert opinion agreement degree (W - Kendall) was
revealed, which showed a high degree of expert opinion agreement by status groups (W=0.199; Chi-
squared test =53.564, p=0.001), professional (W=0.203; Chi-squared test =53.972, p=0.000), personal
motives (W=0.219; Chi-squared test =54.672, p=0.000). The resulting semantic units of content analysis,
under-stood by us as conscious motives for the sports activities of the respondents, were divided into
three groups of status, personal and professional motives.
The following assumptions were tested: 1) the conscious motives of juniors are equally divided
into categories of personal, professional and status motives, and form a complex motivation for sports
activities; 2) conscious motives (personal, professional, status) can be distributed unevenly among
athletes of different sports groups; 3) the junior motives, aimed at satisfying basic needs, can be distributed
unequally; 4) the junior motives, aimed at meeting the basic needs, may differ among athletes of different
sports groups.
Results
Conscious motives of junior sports activity
An empirical study of the conscious motives for going in for sports was carried out with the help of
an essay on the topic “Why I came into sports”. The content analysis of the essays made it possible to
identify various conscious motives for going in for sports among the respondents. The following groups
of motives (semantic units of content analysis) were identified: I want to gain high sports achievements
(52.15%), I like to play sports (44.38%), I want to become an Olympic champion (36.78%), I want to have
good health, a trained body(25.09%), build a sports career (21.86%), I want to become a member of the
Russian national team, to defend the honor of the city / country (20.02%), I want to become a champion
(15.29%), I want to meet the expectations of a coach and parents (13.58%), my family members are
athletes (12%), I want to bring people pleasure, a beautiful sport (10.46%), to become a coach (6.23%), I
want to be a professional athlete (6.16%), I want to play in elite sports (6.07%), I want to play in a famous
team (5.63%), I want to get a gold medal (4.39%), I want to play in other countries (3.31%).
After the procedure of expert evaluation of semantic units of content analysis, the conscious motives
of athletes were divided into 3 groups of personal, professional and status motives (Table 1).
Table 1. Personal, professional and status conscious athlete motives
Group of conscious
motives
Semantic units Fre-
quency
(in%)
Personal motives
I like to play sports, good health, a trained body, meet the expectations of parents and
a coach, family members are athletes, bring people pleasure, a beautiful sport
38.1
Professional mo-
tives
achieve high sports achievements, sports career, become a coach, to be a professional
athlete, to play in other countries,
30.1
Status motives
to become an Olympic champion, to become a member of a national team
to become a champion, to play in an elite sport, to play in a famous team, to get a gold
medal
31.8
To test assumption (1), Chi-squared test was chosen to compare empirical and theoretical
distributions. It was found that the empirical and theoretical distribution of personality, professional and
status motives were found not to differ (Chi-squared test =6.557; df=2; p = 0.741), that is, the frequency
of occurrence of these groups of conscious motives in juniors is equiprobable.
Bearing in mind the results described above, it seems important to us to consider the correlation
of the three identified groups of conscious motives in the motivational sphere of young athletes from
different sports groups. To test assumption (2), Chi-squared test was chosen to compare several empirical
distributions. It was found that the personal, professional and status motives of athletes from various
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Belousova A., Gorshkova S., & Tushnova Y. (2024). Basic needs satisfaction and conscious motives for sports activities of
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sports groups are different (Chi-squared test =25.787; df =15; p = 0.013) (in %): Rowing (33.78, 42.56,
23.66), Football (36.72, 27.58, 35.70), Athletics (35.29,35.29,29.41), Wrestling (39.37, 36.02, 24.61),
Artistic Gymnastics (37.95,49.40,12.65), Swimming (44.14, 26.44, 29.42), Handball (36.47,36.47, 27.07),
Cycling (35.29, 35.29, 29.41), Fencing (35.97, 23.98, 40.05), Judo (43.86, 43.86, 12.28), Pentathlon
(39.06, 39.06, 21.88), Sailing (53.59, 10.72, 35.69), Artistic swimming (62.11, 20.70, 17.18), Shooting
(66.67, 33.33, 0.00), Triathlon (0.00, 54.55, 45.45).
Junior motives aimed at meeting basic needs
To test assumption (3), Chi-squared test was chosen to compare empirical and theoretical
distributions. The results of the statistical analysis showed that the junior motives, aimed at meeting basic
needs, are distributed unevenly (Chi-squared test =5.087; df =3; p =0.002).
The leading motives are self-expression needs, material needs and social (interpersonal) needs
are the least expressed (Table 2).
Table 2. Juniors’ motives aimed at satisfying basic needs
Sports group
Material needs
(average rank )
Security needs
(average rank )
Social (interpersonal) needs
(average rank )
Acceptance
needs
(average rank)
Needs for self-
expression
(average rank )
The whole
sample
15.4 16.2 15.1 22 .5 29.3
Kruskal-Wallis
H - test
25. 687 31. 840 31. 384 28.43 18.159
df 2 2 2 2 2
p 0.581 0.243 0.413 0.069 0.073
To test assumption (4), the Kruskal-Wallis H - test was used, since the methodology procedure
involves ranking needs. It was found that the motives aimed at meeting the athlete basic needs from
different sports groups do not differ. The above trends are fully consistent with the results in each individual
sport group. The hierarchy of needs is structured as follows: 1 – needs for self–realization, 2 – needs for
recognition, 3 - needs for safety, 4 – material needs, 5 – social needs.
Discussions
The conducted study of basic needs satisfaction and conscious motives of junior sports activities
allows us to determine the features of the young athlete motivational sphere.
The ranking list of conscious motives for juniors’ going in for sports shows that the leading component
of the conscious motivation for going in for sports is meaningful, aimed at results in sports achievements,
emotional and satisfaction, reflecting the highest level of reward for these achievements.
In the conscious motives expressed at the average level, there is a mixture of personal motives
(health, a beautiful body; to meet the expectations of parents and a coach; family members – athletes; the
desire to bring people pleasure, a beautiful sport), professional (sports career,) and status (membership
in the national team, to become a champion). In general, at this level, personal motives for going in for
sports dominate, while it can be distinguished as a positive motivation: health, a beautiful body, the desire
to bring people pleasure; and motivational trends, which in the future can provoke certain problematic
situations in the development of the young athlete personality. For example, the conscious motive “I
came to play sports because my family members are athletes” can only be an external motivation, not
expressing the personal choice of an athlete. The motive “to meet the expectations of the parents and
the coach” is also ambiguous. In general, such motivation may long encourage a teenager to play sports
with great effort. This motive is external, and, in the absence of stimulation from the coach / parents, the
absence of internal motives for sports, can neutralize all previous sports achievements of a teenager.
Discussing the personal motives “health” and “beautiful body”, it is interesting to study Homan K.J.
and co-authors, who consider the relationship between the motivation for going in for sports and the risk of
eating disorders among female athletes (Homan et.al., 2019). The authors showed that the risk of eating
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Belousova A., Gorshkova S., & Tushnova Y. (2024). Basic needs satisfaction and conscious motives for sports activities of
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disorders is not associated with a specific sport, but with the external motivation of athletes to engage
in sports, with high physical/ cardiovascular stress and requirements for leanness (Homan et.al., 2019).
The ratio of status and professional conscious motives in this category shows a clear dominance
of the former. Kovacs K. and Kovacs K. E. (2021) showed that a higher social status of boys and girls
contributes to the internal motivation for sports, and a lower socioeconomic status contributes to external
motivation and absence of motivation for sports.
Zernova T.I. (2017) points out that the formation of sports skills is more influenced by internal
motivation than external. The author calls the destructive components of responsibility in the formation
of sports skills passivity in the realization of responsibility, personally significant motivation, personally
significant result, applying responsibility for the result to others (Zernova, 2017). Znamenskaya E.V. notes
the advantages for the sports development of sports and business motives over personal and prestigious
ones (Ilyinsky, 2013). Pronounced personal prestige motivation leads to inadequate self-esteem and
emotional instability in competition conditions (Ilyinsky, 2013).
Caglar E. and Asci F.H. (2010) indicate that juniors with high and moderate sports motivation are
focused on sports competence, physical condition and positive physical self-esteem.
Comparison of the junior conscious motives of various sport groups allows us to conclude that
personal motives prevail among athletes in the groups of shooting, artistic swimming, sailing, swimming,
wrestling and football. For these groups, the most crucial orientation is towards a significant adult (to
meet the expectations of a coach and parents, family members are athletes), the emotional component of
sports (I love sports, bring people pleasure, a beautiful sport), the physical component (health, a trained
body). Gucciardi D. F. (2010), exploring the motivational sphere of junior football players, notes that a
group with high mental stability prefers both skill goals and achievements, as well as external motivational
trends.
Professional motives are dominated by juniors in the triathlon, artistic gymnastics and rowing
groups. In these groups, the motivation to go in for sports is most associated with the professional sphere:
direct professional motives (professional sports achievements, sports career, becoming a professional
athlete) and indirect (becoming a coach, playing in other countries) motivation for sports activities is the
most productive and will contribute to the active development of the chosen type of sports.
It is especially necessary to highlight the groups of juniors, in which personal and professional
motives are equally expressed. Applicants of judo, pentathlon, handball, athletics, cycling, boxing groups.
In these groups, productive professional motivation is expressed, supported by personal motives, which
expresses the presence of external and internal motivation of future athletes, doubling its motivating force.
Status motives prevail among athletes in the fencing group, which shows the greatest fixation on
the qualification assessment of achievements, which can be designated as the predominance of external
motivation. Status motives are fully absent in the shooting group.
Features of the motivational sphere of athletes from different sports groups are actively considered
by researchers (Liao, 2013; Martinent et.al., 2014; Jung et.al., 2021).
Motives aimed at satisfying basic needs are not determined by the sport. Needs for self-realization
are leading in the group. This means a positive trend in the future sports career, as it indicates the need
for achievements, in this case, sports, which will encourage the athlete to improve in the chosen sport.
Similar results were obtained by Nurgalieva A.G. (2018).
Material and social needs are the most satisfied ones. Partial satisfaction of these need groups is
explained both by the change in the social situation of the adolescent development studying in a sport’s
educational institution, and by the age characteristics of the respondents.
Kuzmin M.A. et.al. (2016) in the study of motivation of sports activity indicates that in cyclic sports,
motivation for results, motivation of duty and awareness of the purpose of sports are most formed. In
game sports, motivation for communication in sports is more pronounced, and motivation for financial
reward is equally expressed in all groups.
Partially satisfied are the security needs. That is, for athletes, the need for protection from outside
physical and psychological dangers and the confidence that physiological needs will be satisfied in the
future are relevant.
Babushkin E. G. and Antipin V. B. (2006), in a study of the motivation of boxer athletes, describe the
dynamics of actual needs: physiological needs are actualized as athletic achievements grow, and safety
needs lose their relevance in the process of professional skill growth. The need for social connections,
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Belousova A., Gorshkova S., & Tushnova Y. (2024). Basic needs satisfaction and conscious motives for sports activities of
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respect and self-actualization remain significant at different stages of a professional career. These results
are consistent with this study conducted in a sample of different sports groups. Babushkin E. G. and Antipin
V. B. (2006) It is noted that satisfaction of the actual needs of athletes contributes to an increase in the
level of sports motivation and the preservation of the contingent at the stage of initial sports specialization.
Acceptance needs are located closest to the dissatisfaction zone. In general, this is consistent with
the dissatisfaction of the needs for self-realization. The development of a sports career at a professional
level ensures the satisfaction of this need group, due to past sports achievements. In general, dissatisfaction
with the needs for acceptance and self-realization corresponds to conscious motives. Thus, the leading
conscious motives were the Olympic championship, belonging to the national team, a gold medal, which
describes the juniors’ ideas about the goals of sports activities and corresponds to a low level of satisfaction
of the group’s needs for acceptance and self-realization.
In connection with the above, the study of Sari I., who studied sports images, self-efficacy and sports
motivation, is of interest (Sari, 2015). The author points out that there are no differences in these variables
depending on gender and the presence of a medal. However, images of general skill and cognitive images
are associated with the internal motivation of athletes (Sari, 2015).
Conclusions
The study results of basic need satisfaction and conscious motives of junior sports activities allow
us to draw a number of conclusions.
1. Conscious motives of junior sports activities are equally distributed by categories: personal,
professional, status, and form a complex motivation for sports activities.
2. Conscious motives differ among juniors in various sports, namely: personal motives prevail in the
groups of shooting, artistic swimming, sailing, swimming, wrestling, football; professional motives prevail
in the triathlon, artistic gymnastics, rowing groups; status motives prevail in the fencing group; mixed
groups, where personal and professional motives are equally expressed athletes of the judo, pentathlon,
handball, athletics, cycling and boxing groups are observed.
3. The motives of juniors, aimed at meeting the basic needs, are unevenly distributed, the groups
of needs for acceptance and self-expression are predominant. The sports group does not determine the
satisfaction of motives aimed at satisfying basic needs.
The prospects for further development of this topic are the creation of a model for the motivational
profile of a young athlete, mathematical and statistical verification of this model. The study results can be
used in the practical part of sports educational institutions to adjust motivational programs.
Conflict of interests
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Author Contributions
Conceptualization, B.A., G.S., T.Yu.; methodology, B.A., G.S., T.Yu.; formal analysis, T.Yu.; writing—
original draft preparation, B.A., G.S., T.Yu.; writing—review and editing, B.A., G.S., T.Yu. All authors have
read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
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